Schopenhauer's behaviour
I have only one thing to add to the last post, on Schopenhauer, concerning his personal behaviour. Wikipedia cites Betrand Russell's complaint that Schopenhauer did not at all live the life of asceticism that he extolled. Schopenahuer himself provided an anticipatory response, also cited in the article, "In general, it is a strange demand on a moralist that he should commend no other virtue than that which he himself possesses. To repeat abstractly, universally, and distinctly in concepts the whole inner nature of the world, and thus to deposit it as a reflected image in permanent concepts always ready for the faculty of reason, this and nothing else is philosophy." While it is true that a person's philosophy does not depend ultimately on whether he himself follows what he teaches, it is nevertheless a relevant matter to consider. If a person were to proclaim publicly that there can be no earthly happiness outside of complete chastity, and yet spend his eve...