Schopenhauer's behaviour
I have only one thing to add to the last post, on Schopenhauer, concerning his personal behaviour.  Wikipedia cites Betrand Russell's complaint  that Schopenhauer did not at all live the life of asceticism that he extolled.  Schopenahuer himself provided an anticipatory response, also cited in the article, "In general, it is a strange demand on a moralist that he should commend  no other virtue than that which he himself possesses. To repeat  abstractly, universally, and distinctly in concepts the whole inner  nature of the world, and thus to deposit it as a reflected image in  permanent concepts always ready for the faculty of reason, this and  nothing else is philosophy."   While it is true that a person's philosophy does not depend ultimately on whether he himself follows what he teaches, it is nevertheless a relevant matter to consider.  If a person were to proclaim publicly that there can be no earthly happiness outside of complete chastity, and yet spend his eve...